PMIP Newsletter 1
*********************************************
PALEOCLIMATE MODELING INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT
*********************************************
Newsletter N. 1
----------------
15 February 1993
Dear Participant,
The present newsletter describes the recommended boundary conditions
to be used for:
-A- the fixed SST 6kyr BP experiment
-B- the control run
We also provide you with a preliminary list of output fields that will be useful
for the intercomparison (-C-).
You will also find: - an Appendix in which insolation values are
provided for you to check your insolation
calculations.
- an updated list of the PMIP participants.
Please do check all your informations again.
We would like to be able to send you a "final" list
in the next newsletter.
**************************
-A- THE 6kyr BP EXPERIMENT
**************************
The boundary conditions recommended for PMIP are:
*1* SSTs and sea-ice prescribed at their present day value, as in the
----------------
control run.
*2* No change in the land-surface characteristics.
----------------------------
*3* Carry out a 10-year simulation with full seasonal cycle to account for
------------------------------
interannual variability.
*4* Greenhouse Gases
----------------
#4.1# Measurements from ice cores give the following concentrations
at 6kyr BP (D.Raynaud, personal communication, June 1992):
CO2 - CH4 - N20
.....................................................
280 ppm - 650 ppb - 280 ppb
#4.2# For models including only CO2:
..............................
In order to be sure that we all get the same change in radiative
forcing, we recommend setting the CO2 concentration for 6kyr BP
as follows:
C(6kyr BP) = (280/345) * control run concentration
= 0.81 * control run concentration
345 ppm is the recommended value for CO2 concentration of
the simulated present-day climate
280 ppm is the value at 6kyr BP obtained from ice core measurements
Using the above formula, we will all get the same radiative forcing
according to the IPCC report (1990):
DF = 6.3 * ln(C/Co) = -1.3 W/m2
#4.3# For models including CO2 + other trace gases:
.............................................
In this case the problem is more complicated. We recommend that
you set all your concentrations in order to get the same total
**********
change in radiative forcing, that is -1.3W/m2. This value must
***************************
include the effects of all the trace gases.
The forcing by CH4, N2O and CFC being non negligible (e.g. table 2.6
of the IPCC Report 1990), to keep the same change in radiative
forcing implies that EITHER you only reduce the CO2 concentration
value and keep other trace gases unchanged (i.e. present-day value)
OR you change the concentration values of all your trace gases, but
the change in CO2 will then certainly be less than what we
suggested above.
As far as we know, the GISS AGCM is the only one to prescribe trace
gases other than CO2. BUT,if some other groups are concerned, please
do let us know and we'll give you a set of concentration values,
in agreement with GISS.
*5* Insolation
----------
Insolation is the most important change to be prescribed in the boundary
conditions for the 6kyr BP experiment. We must use the exact same forcing.
#5.1# The orbital parameters are given by Andre BERGER (JAS, 1978):
......................
- Eccentricity: 0.018682
- Obliquity: 24.105 degrees
- Longitude of perihelion (w), relative to the moving vernal equinox
minus 180 degrees, i.e. angle between autumnal equinox and
perihelion: 0.87 degrees
#5.2# The solar constant must be kept as in the control run.
..................
#5.3# The problem of calendar
.......................
.5.3.1. It is NECESSARY that we all use the same reference date
*********
for the 6kyr BP experiment, if we want to compare
"comparable" climates. We then recommend that you set
the 21 of March at noon (e.g. 21.00) as the date of your
*******************
vernal equinox for the 6kyr BP simulation (for 360 as well
as for 365-day year).
Indeed, defining a calendar at 6kyr BP is arbitrary.
Nevertheless it becomes very critical when we want to
compare 2 climatic periods. We then need to know how to
phase the 6kyr BP insolation pattern with the insolation
pattern for the present-day climate. This is not trivial
because the time intervals between equinoxes and solstices
varies with the orbital parameters.
For example, the number of days between the winter solstice
and the vernal equinox changes from 89 days nowadays to
93 days 6kyr BP (for a 365-day year).
Fixing the present date for the vernal equinox
or for the winter solstice, at 6 kyr BP, then leads to
2 calendars differing by 4 days around the vernal equinox.
A drift of 4 days in the insolation pattern is important:
it leads to differences in insolation of the order of
magnitude of the changes induced by the change in orbital
parameters!
.5.3.2. We recommend that you all keep DAILY VALUES
************
for as many variables as possible.
Indeed we are working on defining a way to perform
time-averages for the analyses, in order to best account
for the change in insolation pattern. This part is still
under work and will be discussed in another newsletter.
We are also interested in keeping the daily values for
circulation diagnoses such as monsoon statistics and
transient circulation.
*6* Checking insolation changes
---------------------------
Before you start your simulations, we strongly advise that you check
your computed insolation values. Indeed, Andre BERGER has warned us
about the various approximations used by the GCMs that may induce
differences in insolation that are not negligible with respect to the
Milankovitch forcing. We thus provide you with tables for 1) the present-
day and 2) 6 kyr BP minus present-day (see Appendix).
We think that differences LARGER THAN 10% between your calculations of
***************
6 kyr BP minus present-day and ours SHOULD BE CORRECTED because they may
*******************
significantly alter the model-model comparisons.
If your calculations differ that much from our tables, we
recommend that you carefully check your insolation code and send us a mail
message reporting on the differences you found. We can then help clear up
the differences.
******************************
-B- THE CONTROL RUN (optional)
******************************
Although the minimum requirements for PMIP are that we all use the exact
same CHANGE in FORCING, we recommend that you redo your control run
(if you can or if you need to) using AMIP recommendations:
*1* PMIP datasets will be used for SSTs and sea-ice.
-----------------------------------------------
They have been prepared at PCMDI and were calculated by averaging the
10-year AMIP datasets (1979-1988). They are available from NGDC.
*2* Solar constant = 1365 W/m2
--------------
*3* Orbital parameters (1950 AD):
-----------------------------
- Eccentricity: 0.016724
- Obliquity: 23.446 degrees
- Longitude of perihelion (w), relative to the moving vernal equinox
minus 180 degrees, i.e. angle between autumnal equinox and
perihelion: 102.04 degrees
*4* CO2 concentration = 345 ppm
-----------------
*5* Carry out a 10-year simulation with full seasonal cycle
------------------
*********************
-C- THE OUTPUT FIELDS
*********************
Here follows a preliminary list of outputs fields that we think will be
useful for model-model or/and model-data comparisons. This list is based
on the recommended diagnostics for AMIP (see AMIP newsletter N. 1, Sept.91)
and results from discussions with some of you.
Before finalizing the list of standard outputs for PMIP, to be gathered at
one location, we would appreciate your comments. We are thinking about
sending later a newsletter focused on this point.
LIST
----
FIELDS # UNITS #
###############################################################
# #
* GENERAL FIELDS * # #
.................. # #
# #
- Grid description # #
- Surface elevation # m #
- Surface type and fraction # #
# #
# #
###############################################################
# #
* ENERGY BUDGETS * # W/m2 #
.................. # #
# #
TOP OF THE ATMOSPHERE # #
# #
- Incoming short-wave^ # #
- Reflected short-wave^ # #
- Outgoing long-wave^ # #
# #
SURFACE FLUXES # #
# #
- Incident short-wave^ # #
- Reflected short-wave^ # #
- Net long-wave^ # #
- Sensible heat^ # #
- Latent heat^ # #
# #
###############################################################
# #
* HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE * # #
...................... # #
# #
- Soil moisture # kg/m2 #
- Snow mass # kg/m2 #
- Liquid precipitation, both # #
large-scale and convective^ # mm/day #
- Snow precipitation, both # #
large-scale and convective^ # mm/day #
- Evaporation and sublimation^ # mm/day #
- Runoff # mm/day #
- Total precipitable water # kg/m2 #
# #
###############################################################
# #
* SURFACE CIRCULATION * # #
....................... # #
# #
- Surface air temperature # Celsius #
- Ground temperature # Celsius #
- Sea-level pressure # hPa #
- Surface winds # m/s #
- Wind stress components^ # N/m2 #
- Relative humidity # % #
# #
###############################################################
# #
* TROPOSPHERIC CIRCULATION * # #
............................ # #
# #
- 500hPa geopotential height # m #
# #
AT 850hPa AND 200hPa # #
# #
- Temperature # Celsius #
- Zonal and meridional winds # m/s #
- Specific humidity # g/kg #
- Streamfunction # m2/s #
- Velocity potential # m2/s #
- Geopotential height # m #
# #
###############################################################
# #
* CLOUDS and RADIATION * # #
........................ # #
# #
- Total cloudiness # #
- Clear-sky outgoing long-wave # W/m2 #
radiation # W/m2 #
- Top of the atmosphere clear-sky # #
reflected short-wave radiation # W/m2 #
- Surface net clear-sky short-wave # #
radiation # W/m2 #
- Surface net clear-sky long-wave # #
radiation # W/m2 #
- Cloud liquid water (if possible) # g/m2 #
# #
###############################################################
# #
* MERIDIONAL-VERTICAL # #
DISTRIBUTION OF ZONAL MEANS * # #
............................... # #
# #
- Zonal and meridonal winds+ # m/s #
- Temperature+ # Celsius #
- Specific humidity+ # g/kg #
- Relative humidity+ # #
- Cloudiness+ # % #
- Meridional streamfunction+ # kg/s #
# #
###############################################################
^ Accumulated
+ At the standard pressure levels 1000, 850, 700, 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, 150,
100, 70, 50, 30, 20, 10 hPa
Sincerely yours,
Sylvie JOUSSAUME (LMCE, France)
& Karl TAYLOR (LLNL, USA)
**********
REFERENCES
**********
* IPCC Report or Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 354 pp, 1990.
* Berger A., "Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary
climatic changes", JAS, 35, 2362-2367, 1978.
****
N.B.
****
* Please note that, if you reply to our mail by doing "reply" instead of
"mail paleo..." every PMIP participant will receive your response.
.... This is one of the mysteries of the network!
* If you want to communicate information to all of us, we will be happy
to forward it for you.
We are thinking of having a mailbox box here that will be used for this
type of "mail-to-be shared". ... But we are not there yet.
***************************************
APPENDIX: About Insolation Computations
***************************************
In the following, we provide tables and information concerning
insolation in order to help you check your insolation code.
All the results we give have been obtained using :
- the orbital parameters given above in the present newsletter
- a solar constant value of 1365 W/m2
- a calendar based on the 21 of March at noon (21.00) for the
date of the vernal equinox.
All the values of insolation are given in W/m2. They are given at every 10
degree of latitude (no latitudinal band average is done!). All the computations
follow the method proposed by Berger (JAS, 1978) and are based on an
expansion accurate to order e**3 for the computation of the true longitude
(lambda, angle defining the Earth position relative to the Vernal Equinox).
1 - DATES of EQUINOXES and SOLSTICES
=====================================
Present orbit :
-------------
- 365 day year :
date of vernal equinox = 21.00 march
date of summer solstice = 21.73 June
date of automnal equinox = 23.30 Sept
date of winter solstice = 22.05 Dec
date of perihelion = 2.85 Jan
date of aphelion = 4.35 Jul
- 360 day year
date of vernal equinox = 21.00 march
date of summer solstice = 22.46 June
date of automnal equinox = 24.74 Sept
date of winter solstice = 23.26 Dec
date of perihelion = 4.91 Jan
date of aphelion = 4.91 Jul
6 kyr BP orbit :
--------------
- 365 day year :
date of vernal equinox = 21.00 march
date of summer solstice = 22.45 June
date of automnal equinox = 19.56 Sept
date of winter solstice = 17.61 Dec
date of perihelion = 20.42 Sept
date of aphelion = 21.92 March
- 360 day year
date of vernal equinox = 21.00 march
date of summer solstice = 23.17 June
date of automnal equinox = 21.06 Sept
date of winter solstice = 18.89 Dec
date of perihelion = 21.90 Sept
date of aphelion = 21.90 March
2 - INSOLATION
==============
We give insolation values for :
- monthly means, which depend on the length of the year and on the
reference date used
- "mid-month" values which are daily mean insolation values
given for specific true longitude values
2.1 Monthly means
------------------
* TODAY, 365 day year, 21.00 march vernal equinox
--------------------------------------------------
LAT JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
90. .00 .00 16.69 226.23 428.89 518.14 478.16 316.18 78.00 .00 .00 .00
80. .00 .50 58.88 229.60 422.37 510.27 470.89 311.54 116.50 10.87 .00 .00
70. .90 33.69 130.22 269.56 407.73 486.89 449.66 324.37 182.88 65.93 6.30 .00
60. 40.79 99.47 199.95 320.61 423.31 473.71 449.70 362.23 246.58 135.19 57.36 26.96
50. 106.32 169.74 264.21 365.91 444.60 480.35 462.83 397.32 303.52 203.70 124.80 89.30
40. 177.08 237.91 320.71 401.78 458.73 482.52 470.22 423.65 351.54 267.46 194.75 159.64
30. 246.98 300.58 367.62 426.40 462.36 475.32 467.72 438.95 389.07 323.90 262.21 230.72
20. 312.37 355.26 403.46 438.71 454.24 457.13 453.93 442.15 414.90 371.05 323.99 298.46
10. 370.54 400.05 427.12 438.20 434.07 427.68 428.57 432.88 428.22 407.35 377.68 359.92
0. 419.41 433.45 437.87 424.80 402.22 387.51 392.10 411.28 428.62 431.65 421.40 412.83
-10. 457.41 454.42 435.39 398.91 359.59 337.71 345.54 377.98 416.07 443.17 453.75 455.49
-20. 483.47 462.35 419.75 361.34 307.55 279.91 290.39 334.01 390.96 441.61 473.83 486.69
-30. 497.12 457.13 391.43 313.29 247.92 216.25 228.65 280.86 354.07 427.05 481.26 505.91
-40. 498.65 439.17 351.32 256.36 183.04 149.47 162.86 220.41 306.54 400.06 476.35 513.42
-50. 489.55 409.59 300.70 192.61 116.05 83.43 96.55 155.11 249.89 361.73 460.39 510.91
-60. 474.04 370.62 241.20 124.69 51.89 24.98 35.60 88.41 185.96 313.84 436.76 503.60
-70. 471.00 327.91 174.97 56.98 4.71 .00 .34 27.26 117.10 259.78 417.97 517.18
-80. 492.67 308.85 105.78 6.81 .00 .00 .00 .17 47.56 214.03 431.43 542.01
-90. 500.27 313.10 64.32 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 7.99 206.29 438.09 550.37
* 6 kyrBP minus present day difference, 365 day year, 21.00 march ref
---------------------------------------------------------------------
LAT JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
90. .00 .00 -.92 -6.82 4.84 27.06 34.52 11.41 -16.01 .00 .00 .00
80. .00 .09 -2.28 -6.73 4.77 26.65 34.00 11.60 -11.76 -5.56 .00 .00
70. .15 -.31 -5.40 -7.58 4.30 25.43 32.33 14.40 -6.75 -13.79 -4.01 .00
60. -1.66 -3.42 -8.57 -8.83 2.82 20.95 28.54 17.27 -2.09 -13.72 -11.83 -5.09
50. -4.79 -7.12 -11.53 -9.95 2.10 18.78 27.25 19.85 2.51 -11.47 -13.64 -8.30
40. -8.20 -10.88 -14.17 -10.82 1.51 17.03 26.07 21.92 6.97 -8.15 -13.64 -10.63
30. -11.59 -14.46 -16.39 -11.38 .96 15.23 24.57 23.37 11.19 -4.19 -12.54 -12.36
20. -14.77 -17.71 -18.12 -11.63 .44 13.25 22.62 24.15 15.05 .16 -10.60 -13.55
10. -17.61 -20.49 -19.30 -11.54 -.05 11.10 20.21 24.22 18.43 4.71 -8.00 -14.22
0. -20.02 -22.72 -19.91 -11.11 -.49 8.79 17.39 23.58 21.24 9.29 -4.87 -14.35
-10. -21.91 -24.33 -19.92 -10.35 -.89 6.40 14.22 22.24 23.39 13.76 -1.31 -13.95
-20. -23.24 -25.26 -19.32 -9.30 -1.22 4.00 10.81 20.25 24.82 17.99 2.58 -13.03
-30. -23.97 -25.50 -18.15 -7.98 -1.46 1.70 7.30 17.67 25.47 21.88 6.72 -11.59
-40. -24.12 -25.07 -16.44 -6.43 -1.61 -.36 3.88 14.59 25.33 25.36 11.12 -9.64
-50. -23.76 -24.03 -14.23 -4.73 -1.61 -1.94 .80 11.11 24.39 28.47 15.87 -7.13
-60. -23.10 -22.54 -11.62 -2.93 -1.37 -2.48 -1.36 7.39 22.65 31.43 21.53 -3.76
-70. -23.12 -21.06 -8.71 -1.18 -.26 .00 -.12 3.68 20.10 35.20 32.19 1.44
-80. -24.39 -21.65 -5.75 -.02 .00 .00 .00 .36 16.37 45.79 37.93 1.51
-90. -24.76 -22.08 -4.44 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 12.55 52.14 38.52 1.53
* TODAY, 360 day year, 21.00 march ref
--------------------------------------
LAT JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
90. .00 .00 14.32 220.76 425.37 517.27 481.36 326.53 89.18 .00 .00 .00
80. .00 .40 56.42 225.12 418.91 509.41 474.04 321.60 124.96 13.23 .00 .00
70. .41 30.86 127.79 266.40 404.82 486.07 452.55 331.24 189.96 70.96 7.88 .00
60. 37.96 95.66 197.70 318.04 421.39 473.20 451.54 367.47 252.75 140.56 60.60 27.46
50. 102.97 165.80 262.23 363.84 443.20 480.01 464.18 401.38 308.73 208.81 128.34 89.92
40. 173.73 234.23 319.06 400.20 457.77 482.31 471.14 426.63 355.71 271.97 198.16 160.26
30. 243.92 297.40 366.36 425.32 461.81 475.22 468.27 440.88 392.11 327.58 265.21 231.27
20. 309.81 352.78 402.63 438.15 454.07 457.14 454.12 443.06 416.74 373.71 326.38 298.89
10. 368.67 398.41 426.75 438.14 434.25 427.79 428.44 432.80 428.83 408.87 379.29 360.21
0. 418.36 432.77 437.98 425.23 402.73 387.69 391.67 410.26 427.99 431.93 422.12 412.95
-10. 457.29 454.77 435.97 399.80 360.39 337.96 344.85 376.10 414.24 442.17 453.49 455.41
-20. 484.37 463.79 420.78 362.64 308.58 280.22 289.49 331.38 388.01 439.30 472.52 486.41
-30. 499.11 459.68 392.89 314.94 249.12 216.59 227.59 277.62 350.10 423.45 478.86 505.40
-40. 501.80 442.85 353.17 258.30 184.34 149.82 161.73 216.75 301.71 395.23 472.82 512.66
-50. 493.95 414.42 302.88 194.72 117.34 83.76 95.44 151.25 244.37 355.70 455.67 509.90
-60. 479.97 376.73 243.65 126.85 53.00 25.23 34.68 84.68 179.99 306.62 430.65 502.25
-70. 480.02 335.84 177.64 58.95 5.10 .00 .22 24.40 111.01 251.15 409.41 515.18
-80. 502.64 320.03 108.67 7.71 .00 .00 .00 .03 42.22 202.07 420.81 539.92
-90. 510.39 324.56 67.38 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 5.16 191.75 427.30 548.25
* 6 kyrBP minus present day, 360 day year, 21.00 march ref
----------------------------------------------------------
LAT JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
90. .00 .00 -.79 -6.79 4.32 26.52 34.77 13.19 -16.25 .00 .00 .00
80. .00 .08 -2.16 -6.73 4.26 26.11 34.24 13.15 -11.17 -6.32 .00 .00
70. .10 -.21 -5.30 -7.64 3.80 24.92 32.58 15.53 -5.87 -13.93 -4.68 .00
60. -1.74 -3.23 -8.49 -8.93 2.40 20.51 28.63 18.15 -1.15 -13.48 -12.18 -5.42
50. -4.84 -6.91 -11.49 -10.08 1.70 18.37 27.24 20.55 3.44 -11.01 -13.80 -8.64
40. -8.19 -10.67 -14.16 -10.98 1.13 16.65 25.99 22.45 7.86 -7.54 -13.62 -10.88
30. -11.49 -14.28 -16.42 -11.57 .60 14.87 24.43 23.74 11.99 -3.48 -12.32 -12.48
20. -14.58 -17.55 -18.18 -11.84 .12 12.93 22.44 24.35 15.73 .94 -10.21 -13.51
10. -17.34 -20.38 -19.40 -11.76 -.33 10.82 20.00 24.25 18.97 5.51 -7.44 -13.99
0. -19.66 -22.66 -20.04 -11.33 -.73 8.56 17.14 23.45 21.62 10.09 -4.15 -13.93
-10. -21.48 -24.32 -20.07 -10.58 -1.08 6.21 13.96 21.96 23.59 14.52 -.46 -13.34
-20. -22.73 -25.31 -19.50 -9.51 -1.36 3.86 10.55 19.84 24.82 18.66 3.54 -12.22
-30. -23.40 -25.61 -18.35 -8.18 -1.56 1.61 7.05 17.14 25.28 22.44 7.77 -10.60
-40. -23.49 -25.25 -16.64 -6.61 -1.65 -.40 3.64 13.98 24.94 25.77 12.22 -8.47
-50. -23.09 -24.28 -14.45 -4.88 -1.61 -1.94 .61 10.45 23.81 28.70 16.99 -5.77
-60. -22.36 -22.86 -11.84 -3.05 -1.35 -2.46 -1.48 6.73 21.87 31.40 22.63 -2.17
-70. -22.28 -21.52 -8.92 -1.25 -.26 .00 -.10 3.14 19.11 34.78 33.09 3.53
-80. -23.45 -22.25 -5.96 -.04 .00 .00 .00 .17 15.01 44.73 39.58 3.69
-90. -23.81 -22.67 -4.66 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 10.33 51.83 40.19 3.75
2.2 "MID-MONTH" values
-----------------------
"Mid-month" values are obtained as daily mean insolation values
in W/m2 and are computed at fixed true longitudes with longitude increments
of 30 degrees, starting from the vernal equinox(Berger, JAS,1978) ... i.e.
around the 20th of each month.
Using this definition, we have :
longitude = 0 corresponds to the vernal equinox (VE)
longitude = 90 corresponds to the summer solstice (SS)
longitude = 180 corresponds to the autumnal equinox (AE)
longitude = 270 corresponds to the winter solstice (WS)
These tables of "mid-month"values:
1) allow direct comparisons of insolation at equinoxes and solstices
2) avoid any problem of calendar, either between 0 and 6 kyr BP
or between 360-day or 365-day years
* "mid-month" values for present day orbit :
-------------------------------------------
values are given for true longitude = 0, 30, 60 ... 330 degrees, starting from
the vernal equinox
VE SS AE WS
LAT 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
90. .00 268.91 458.99 525.78 455.75 265.65 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
80. 76.02 264.83 452.02 517.79 448.83 261.62 74.97 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
70. 149.73 293.64 431.31 494.07 428.27 290.08 147.65 41.80 .00 .00 .00 42.30
60. 218.89 340.45 439.55 478.21 436.45 336.32 215.85 109.80 44.19 24.42 44.49 111.13
50. 281.40 382.01 456.55 483.38 453.33 377.38 277.50 179.68 110.29 86.05 111.05 181.85
40. 335.35 414.14 467.01 484.40 463.72 409.12 330.71 246.31 180.74 156.34 181.99 249.28
30. 379.12 434.91 467.23 476.18 463.93 429.64 373.87 306.72 249.84 227.71 251.57 310.42
20. 411.37 443.30 455.87 457.07 452.65 437.93 405.67 358.65 314.11 295.99 316.28 362.98
10. 431.12 438.87 432.66 426.80 429.61 433.56 425.15 400.35 370.94 358.19 373.50 405.18
0. 437.77 421.66 398.04 385.90 395.23 416.56 431.71 430.45 418.31 412.00 421.20 435.64
-10. 431.12 392.18 352.96 335.50 350.47 387.43 425.15 448.02 454.70 455.66 457.84 453.42
-20. 411.37 351.33 298.88 277.24 296.78 347.07 405.67 452.54 479.09 487.98 482.40 458.00
-30. 379.12 300.45 237.73 213.29 236.06 296.82 373.87 443.97 491.03 508.38 494.42 449.33
-40. 335.35 241.28 171.98 146.44 170.76 238.36 330.71 422.77 490.80 517.15 494.19 427.87
-50. 281.40 176.01 104.94 80.60 104.20 173.88 277.50 389.97 479.81 516.06 483.12 394.67
-60. 218.89 107.56 42.05 22.87 41.75 106.26 215.85 347.54 461.94 510.55 465.12 351.73
-70. 149.73 40.95 .00 .00 .00 40.45 147.65 299.76 453.28 527.48 456.41 303.37
-80. 76.02 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 74.97 270.34 475.04 552.81 478.32 273.60
-90. .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 274.52 482.37 561.33 485.70 277.83
* "mid-month" values for the 6 kyr BP minus present day difference :
-------------------------------------------------------------------
VE SS AE WS
LAT 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
90. .00 .99 14.92 31.77 36.20 22.30 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
80. -3.31 .98 14.69 31.29 35.65 21.96 3.38 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
70. -6.52 -2.12 14.02 29.85 34.02 20.93 6.66 -1.35 .00 .00 .00 -4.39
60. -9.54 -4.05 9.69 24.84 29.89 22.56 9.74 -.23 -3.86 -4.20 -5.64 -8.42
50. -12.26 -5.67 7.90 22.33 28.81 24.12 12.52 1.34 -4.91 -7.36 -9.53 -12.17
40. -14.61 -7.05 6.42 20.33 27.74 25.19 14.93 3.05 -5.34 -9.83 -13.01 -15.55
30. -16.52 -8.17 5.00 18.25 26.28 25.63 16.87 4.76 -5.37 -11.81 -16.06 -18.46
20. -17.92 -9.01 3.61 15.96 24.32 25.39 18.31 6.40 -5.10 -13.33 -18.60 -20.80
10. -18.78 -9.56 2.23 13.45 21.84 24.46 19.19 7.89 -4.56 -14.36 -20.55 -22.52
0. -19.07 -9.81 .89 10.75 18.89 22.84 19.48 9.19 -3.79 -14.89 -21.87 -23.55
-10. -18.78 -9.74 -.36 7.94 15.55 20.58 19.19 10.25 -2.81 -14.91 -22.52 -23.87
-20. -17.92 -9.35 -1.50 5.10 11.93 17.77 18.31 11.05 -1.66 -14.40 -22.47 -23.46
-30. -16.52 -8.66 -2.46 2.36 8.18 14.49 16.87 11.56 -.34 -13.39 -21.72 -22.34
-40. -14.61 -7.68 -3.17 -.10 4.47 10.86 14.93 11.79 1.13 -11.85 -20.29 -20.54
-50. -12.26 -6.43 -3.53 -2.00 1.08 7.04 12.52 11.76 2.80 -9.78 -18.20 -18.12
-60. -9.54 -4.91 -3.23 -2.68 -1.46 3.25 9.74 11.55 4.86 -6.93 -15.45 -15.14
-70. -6.52 -3.06 .00 .00 .00 -.03 6.66 11.42 9.46 -2.96 -10.64 -11.69
-80. -3.31 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 3.38 13.39 9.91 -3.10 -11.15 -7.65
-90. .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 13.60 10.06 -3.15 -11.32 -7.77
We hope all this information will help you ! Please let us know if it is unclear
or if you have any trouble!
********************
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
********************
BARTLEIN Patrick Department of Geography
University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon 97403-1251
USA
Tel.: 1 (503) 346.4967
Fax.: 1 (503) 346.2067
email: bartlein@oregon.uoregon.edu
BAUM Steve ARC Technologies
305 Arguello Drive
College Station, Texas 77840
USA
Tel.: ?
Fax.: 1 (409) 846.6280
email: baum_arc@sphinx.tamu.edu
skb3832@zeus.tamu.edu
BERGER Andre Institut d'Astronomie et de Geophysique G. Lemaitre
Universite Catholique de Louvain
2 Chemin du Cyclotron
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
BELGIUM
Tel.: (32) 10 47.3297 (or: 47.3303)
Fax.: (32) 10 47.4722
email: berger@astr.ucl.ac.be
BRACONNOT Pascale Laboratoire de Modelisation
du Climat et de l´Environnement
D.S.M. / Orme des Merisiers / Bat. 709
C.E. Saclay
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
FRANCE
Tel.: (33) 1 69.08.77.11
Fax.: (33) 1 69.08.77.16
email: pmipweb@lsce.ipsl.fr
BROCCOLI Anthony J. NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
Princeton University
P.O. Box 308
Princeton, NJ 08542
USA
Tel.: 1 (609) 452.6671
Fax.: 1 (609) 987.5063
email: ajb@gfdl.gov
BUDD William F. Meteorology Department
University of Melbourne
Parkville, Victoria 3052
AUSTRALIA
Tel.: (61) 3 344.6909
Fax.: (61) 3 347.2091
email: ?
CHANDLER Mark Goddard Institute for Space Studies / NASA
2880 Broadway avenue
New York, NY 10025
USA
Tel.: 1 (212) ?
Fax.: 1 (212) 678.5552
email: ?
CROWLEY Tom ARC Technologies
305 Arguello Drive
College Station, Texas 77840
USA
Tel.: 1 (409) 846.1403
Fax.: 1 (409) 846.6280
email: tom_arc@triton.tamu.edu
FICHEFET Thierry Institut d'Astronomie et de Geophysique G. Lemaitre
Universite Catholique de Louvain
2 Chemin du Cyclotron
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
BELGIUM
Tel.: (32) 10 47.3297 (or: 47.3295)
Fax.: (32) 10 47.4722
email: fichefet@astr.ucl.ac.be
GATES Larry Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P.O. Box 808 L-264
Livermore, CA 94550
USA
Tel.: 1 (510) 422.7626
Fax.: 1 (510) 422.7675
email: gates@kuala.llnl.gov !!!! UNREACHABLE !!!!!
**********************
GHIL Michael Department of Atmospheric Sciences
7127 MSB
University of California
Los Angeles, CA 90024-1565
USA
Tel.: ?
Fax.: ?
email: ghil@tuolumne.atmos.ucla.edu
GUIOT Joel Laboratoire de Botanique Historique et de Palynologie
Boite 451
Faculte de Saint-Jerome
13397 Marseille
FRANCE
Tel.: (33) 91.28.80.11
Fax.: (33) 91.28.86.68
email: lbhp@frmrs11.bitnet
HALL Nick Department of Meteorology
University of Reading
2 Earley Gate
Whiteknigts, P.O. Box 329
Reading RG6 2AU
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel.: ?
Fax.: (44) 734 35.2604
email: swshalnm@swssner1.reading.ac.uk
HARRISON Sandy P. Department of Physical Geography
Solvegatan 13
S-223 62 Lund
SWEDEN
Tel.: (46) 46 10.40.93
(46) 46 14.74.28
(46) 46 14.48.07
Fax.: (46) 46 10.40.11
(46) 46 14.74.28
email: NONE
HERTERICH Klaus Max-Plank Institut fur Meteorologie
Bundesstrasse 55
D-2000 Hamburg 13
GERMANY
Tel.: ?
Fax.: (49) 40 411.73.298
email: ?
HEWITT Chris Meteorological Office
London Road
Bracknell
Berkshire RG12 2SZ
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel.: (44) 344 85.4520
Fax.: (44) 344 85.4898
email: NONE
HOFFERT Martin New York University
Department of Applied Science
26-36 Stuyvesant Street
New-York, NY 10003
Tel.: 1 (212) 998.8995
Fax.: 1 (212) 995.3820
email: jonesh@acf.nyu.edu
HOVINE Stephane Institut d'Astronomie et de Geophysique G. Lemaitre
Universite Catholique de Louvain
2 Chemin du Cyclotron
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
BELGIUM
Tel.: (32) 10 47.3297 (or: 47.3298)
Fax.: (32) 10 47.4722
email: hovine@astr.ucl.ac.be
IMBRIE John Department of Geological Sciences
Brown University
Providence, RI 02912-1846
USA
Tel.: 1 (401) 863.3196
Fax.: 1 (401) 863.2058
email: john_imbrie@brown.edu
JOUSSAUME Sylvie Laboratoire de Modelisation
du Climat et de l´Environnement
D.S.M. / Orme des Merisiers / Bat. 709
C.E. Saclay
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
FRANCE
Tel.: (33) 1 69.08.77.11
Fax.: (33) 1 69.08.77.16
email: pmipweb@lsce.ipsl.fr
KITOH Akio Climate Research Division
Meteorological Research Institute
Tsukuba
Ibaraki
305 JAPAN
Tel.: (81) 298 51.7111
Fax.: (81) 298 55.2552
email: kitoh@mri-1.mri-jma.go.jp
KUKLA George Lamont Observatory
Palisades, NY 10964
USA
Tel.: 1 (914) 365.2312
Fax.: 1 (914) 359.2900
email: iceage@lamont.ldgo.columbia.edu
KUTZBACH John E. Director, Center for Climatic Research
1225 West Dayton Street
Madison, WI 53706
USA
Tel.: 1 (608) 262.2839
Fax.: 1 (608) 262.5964
email: jkutzbach@vms2.macc.wisc.edu
LAUTENSCHLAGER Michael Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum GmbH
Abt. Modellbetreuung
Bundesstrasse 55
D-2000 Hamburg 13
GERMANY
Tel.: (49) 40 411.73.297
Fax.: (49) 40 411.73.298
email: lautenschlager@dkrz-hamburg.dbp.de
LE TREUT Herve Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique
E.N.S.
24 rue Lhomond
75231 Paris cedex 05
FRANCE
Tel.: (33) 1 44.32.22.37
Fax.: (33) 1 43.36.83.92
email: letreut@lmd.ens.fr
LOUTRE Marie-Francoise Institut d'Astronomie et de Geophysique G. Lemaitre
Universite Catholique de Louvain
2 Chemin du Cyclotron
B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
BELGIUM
Tel.: (32) 10 47.3297 (or: 47.3299)
Fax.: (32) 10 47.4722
email: loutre@astr.ucl.ac.be
MANABE Suki NOAA / Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
Princeton University
P.O. Box 308
Princeton, NJ 08542
USA
Tel.: 1 (609) 452.6520
Fax.: 1 (609) 987.5063
email: sm@gfdl.gov
McAVANEY Bryant BMRC
Box 1289K, GPO
Melbourne VIC 3001
AUSTRALIA
Tel.: (61) 3 669.4134
Fax.: (61) 3 669.4660
email: bma@bom.gov.au
McFARLANE Norman A. Canadian Climate Center
Atmospheric Environmental Service
4905 Dufferin Street
Donsview, Ontario M3H5T4
CANADA
Tel.: 1 (416) 739.4417
Fax.: 1 (416) 739.4521
email: acrnrnm@ccc.aes.doe.ca
MARSHALL Susan EES-5 MS K 401
LANL
Los Alamos, NM 87545
USA
Tel.: 1 (505) 665.3107
Fax.: 1 (505) 665.4788
email: susanm@vega.lanl.gov
MITCHELL John F. Meteorological Office
London Road
Bracknell
Berkshire RG12 2SZ
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel.: (44) 344 85.6613
Fax.: (44) 344 85.6912
email: metoff@nwl.ia !!!! UNREACHABLE !!!!!
**********************
MOLFINO Barbara ?
USA
Tel.: ?
Fax.: ?
email: bmolfino@lamont.ldgo.columbia.edu
de NOBLET Nathalie Laboratoire de Modelisation
du Climat et de l´Environnement
D.S.M. / Orme des Merisiers / Bat. 709
C.E. Saclay
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
FRANCE
Tel.: (33) 1 69.08.77.11
Fax.: (33) 1 69.08.77.16
email: pmipweb@lsce.ipsl.fr
OGLESBY Robert J. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN 47907
USA
Tel.: 1 (317) 494.9531
Fax.: 1 (317) 496.1210
email: oglesby@spring.atms.purdue.edu
OH Jai-Ho Department of Astronomy & Atmospheric Sciences
Yonsei University
134 Shinchon-dong
Seodamoon-Ku
Seoul 120-749
KOREA
Tel.: (82) 2 361.2688
Fax.: (82) 2 365.5163
email: oh@crg50.atmos.uiuc.edu
PELTIER W.R. Department of Physics
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7
CANADA
Tel.: 1 (416) 978.2938
Fax.: 1 (416) 978.8905
email: peltier@rainbow.physics.utoronto.ca
POLLARD Dave National Center for Atmospheric Research
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, CO 80307
USA
Tel.: 1 (303) 497.1344
Fax.: 1 (303) 497.1348
email: pollard@ncar.ucar.edu
PRELL Warren ?
USA
Tel.: ?
Fax.: ?
email: warren_prell@brown.edu
RAMSTEIN Gilles Laboratoire de Modelisation
du Climat et de l´Environnement
D.S.M. / Orme des Merisiers / Bat. 709
C.E. Saclay
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
FRANCE
Tel.: (33) 1 69.08.77.11
Fax.: (33) 1 69.08.77.16
email: pmipweb@lsce.ipsl.fr
RIND David Goddard Institute for Space Studies / NASA
2880 Broadway avenue
New York, NY 10025
USA
Tel.: 1 (212) 678.5593
Fax.: 1 (212) 678.5552
email: ?
RUDDIMAN William Department of Environmental Sciences
Clark Hall
University of Virginia
Charlottesville, VA 22903
USA
Tel.: 1 (804) 924.7964
Fax.: 1 (804) 982.2137
email: ?
SCHLESINGER Michael Department of Atmospheric Sciences
University of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign
105 South Gregory Avenue
Urbana, IL 61801
USA
Tel.: 1 (217) 333.2192
Fax.: 1 (217) 244.4393
email: schlesin@crg50.atmos.uiuc.edu
schlesin@uiatma.atmos.uiuc.edu
SCHNEIDER Steve National Center for Atmospheric Research
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, CO 80307
USA
Tel.: ?
Fax.: 1 (303) 497.1137
email: ?
SLOAN Lisa Institute of Marine Sciences
University of California
Santa Cruz, CA 95064
USA
Tel.: 1 (408) 459.3693
Fax.: 1 (408) ?
email: lcsloan@rupture.ucsc.edu
STREET-PERROTT Alayne School of Geography
Mansfield Road
Oxford, OX13TB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel.: (44) 865 271.919
Fax.: (44) 865 271.929
email: geog2@vax.oxford.ac.uk
SUAREZ M. Code 913
NASA / GSFC
Greenbelt, MD 20771
USA
Tel.: 1 (301) 286.7373
Fax.: 1 (301) 286.4804
email: suarez@nino.gsfc.nasa.gov
SYKTUS Jozef I. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research
Private Bag No. 1
Mordialloc, Victoria 3195
AUSTRALIA
Tel.: (61) 3 586.7548
Fax.: (61) 3 586.7600
email: jis@dar.csiro.au
TAYLOR Karl E. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P.O. Box 808, L-264
Livermore, CA 94550
USA
Tel.: 1 (510) 423.3623
Fax.: 1 (510) 422.7675
email: taylor13 (NEW! Please check the PMIP 'Contacts' web page)
THOMPSON Starley National Center for Atmospheric Research
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, CO 80307
USA
Tel.: ?
Fax.: 1 (303) 497.1137
email: starley@ncar.ucar.edu
VALDES Paul Department of Meteorology
University of Reading
2 Earley Gate
Whiteknigts, P.O. Box 329
Reading RG6 2AU
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel.: (44) 734 87.5123 (ext. 4235)
Fax.: (44) 734 35.2604
email: swsvalde@swssner1.reading.ac.uk
VERBITSKY Mikhail Department of Geology & Geophysics
Yale University
P.O. Box 6666, Yale Station
New Haven, CT 06511
USA
Tel.: 1 (203) 432.3159
Fax.: 1 (203) 432.3134
email: verbitsky%climat@venus.ycc.yale.edu
WEBB Robin National Geophysical Data Center
Paleoclimatology Program
325 Broadway E/GC
Boulder, CO 80303
USA
Tel.: 1 (303) 497.6967
Fax.: 1 (303) 497.6513
email: rsw@paleosun.ngdc.noaa.gov
WEBB Tom III Department of Geological Sciences
Brown University
Providence, RI 02912-1846
USA
Tel.: 1 (401) 863.3128
Fax.: 1 (401) 863.2058
email: ge710006@brownvm !!! UNREACHABLE !!!
*******************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contact Address:
################
Laboratoire de Modelisation du Climat et de l´Environnement
D.S.M. / Orme des Merisiers / Bat. 709
C.E. Saclay
9119 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex
FRANCE
Tel.: (33) 1 69.08.77.11
Fax.: (33) 1 69.08.77.16
email: paleo (NEW! Please check the PMIP 'Contacts' web page)
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